How Does Work And Leisure Essay - 925 Words

2Work And Leisure Introduction: How does work and leisure correspond to the â€Å"good life?† Is there a formula, which if we follow, will lead us towards our own Atlantis? I believe there is. Aristotle’s view, that humans can shape their own habits, to create virtues, gives us a clear understanding of what is required to arrive at our desired destination. Virtues, particularly temperance, combined with hard work, innovation, and determination should shape how we think about work and leisure, in our pursuit of the â€Å"good life.† Exposition: Before diving into my argument, I’d like to clarify exactly what it means to have Aristotelian virtues. In the ancient Greek text, Aristotle uses the word â€Å"hexis† to denote a moral virtue. Some, including his disciple Hippocrates, have translated â€Å"hexis† into habit. Thus, many philosophers deem that Aristotle meant for us to create lives full of mindless routine. This could not be farther from the truth. â€Å"Hexis† has lost its intended meaning during the subsequent translation to English. Originally â€Å"hexis† was a word that denoted action. Therefore, to posses a moral virtue is not to create a passive mindless routine. Instead, the possessor of a â€Å"hexis† is constantly in motion, his reasoning faculties determining which course of action best fits the mold forged by his â€Å"hexis.† What constitutes as a virtue? Aristotle described virtues in relation to the mean, or average, of opposing forces. Thus, if courage i s our virtue, it lies somewhereShow MoreRelatedEssay about Philosophy and Therapeutic Recreation 1533 Words   |  7 Pagesrationale in which to further explore the concept of leisure, define my professional philosophy and an opportunity to reflect critically on the field which I have chosen and my evolving role within it. Defining Leisure Perhaps one of the more perplexing conditions of offering leisure to all is choosing how I define it. Leisure, by modern standards, is commonly measured and understood in relation to freedom of choice, and time, especially time away from work (Kelly, 2009; Stebbins, 2006; Barrett, 1989).Read MoreFacilitator : Therapeutic Recreation Interventions Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pagesjust through words they can also be from body language. Any of these communication blockers can make the client and/or clients close themselves off and not benefit from the group. When facilitating in a group setting the facilitator has some extra work to do because the clients not only need to feel comfortable and open with the facilitator but also with the other people in the group. The facilitator has to help create this environment in the beginning of the session to have a successful group. TheyRead MoreThe Importance of Leisure Time Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Leisure Time *No Works Cited Leisure is defined as freedom from the demands of work or duty. Everybody needs leisure in their lives, to balance the stress of work and life. Leisure helps re-energize and relax people, so they can perform activities well in their lives. People use their free time (leisure time) in a variety of different ways; engaging in outdoor activities, entertainment like watching movies or television, or just having time to themselves.. Another activityRead MoreWhat Is Your Personal Leisure Identity?930 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is your personal Leisure Identity? Please describe. I have quite an interesting leisure identity as I work at a nursing home facilitating and engaging in leisure activities on a regular basis. Being apart of the recreation field I have found myself enjoying many of the activities I facilitate and am always introduced to may new ones as well. Apart from my work life, I enjoy going for walks on trails that are in wooded areas, socializing with my friends at coffee shops and cooking differentRead MoreLeisure and Lifestyle1676 Words   |  7 Pagescourse leisure was a topic I did not give much thought to and I felt like I did not have the time to spare to put much thought into. To me, all leisure meant was having free time to do whatever it is that I wanted to do. But after analyzing my life I noticed that I had surrounded my life with solely work and school and my â€Å"free time† was anytime I spent watching television and anytime I slept. However, after taking this course I learned that leisure meant more much than that. Now leisure to me meansRead More Where Has True Leisure Gone? Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesWhere Has True Leisure Gone? The phone rang--again. Josh tried desperately to concentrate on his driving while picking up his cell phone. He was already late to pick up Katie from soccer practice and had a project due the next day. His stress level had been rising lately. If only he could take some time off, but he was always too busy with too many things to do... Unfortunately, this appears to be the rising norm in today’s society as the work ethic and constant busyness of life have taken overRead MoreMidterm 1 Study Guide- incomplete Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesColonial Recreation and Leisure: How did changing Anglo-American attitudes about work, labor, and leisure in the 1600s and 1700s shape the recreational practices of colonial America? What does Nancy Struna mean by the â€Å"leisure preference,† and how does she believe it influenced attitudes about sport, recreation, and play in Anglo-America in the 1600s and 1700s? Be aware of significant regional differences in the culture, economy, and labor regimes of colonial America and how these differences influencedRead MoreWhat Work Is Really For By Bertrand Russell1315 Words   |  6 Pagesof, â€Å"In Praise of Idleness,† and Gary Gutting, author of, â€Å"What Work Is Really For,† both introduced persuading argument justifying their respective views on work and leisure. In the essay, â€Å"In Praise of Idleness,† Russell conveys a much more interesting case in which he shows his concern about the importance of leisure to the society. He believes by reducing our working hours from eight to four hours will give us more time for leisure which will in turn increase our creativity, and productivity toRead MoreBenefits Of Leisure And Leisure865 Words   |  4 PagesResults Benefits of Leisure Although recreation and leisure has been proven to be beneficial to the physical and mental health of youth, sports participation has declined from 77% in 1992 to 59% in 2005 (Holt, Kingsley, Tink, Scherer, 2010). In 2005 Spinney and Millward (2010) did a study determining that despite the benefits of leisure those living in financial poverty are not participated in active programs as they are costly, despite having the desire to. Physical inactivity can have seriousRead MoreLeisure Importance1284 Words   |  6 PagesI believe that leisure is extremely important for human well-being. Through research, I found that â€Å"The quality of life is determined by objective factors and with the subjective perception of factors which influence human life. Leisure activities play a very important role in subjective well-being because they provide opportunities to meet life values and needs.† Therefore, if you want to have a life of quality and happiness you must try to make time to gain or further enhance your activities that

Micro Manufacturing Free Essays

ME 686: Micro-manufacturing Assignment 1 Study the effects of process parameters (speed, feed, depth of cut etc. ) associated with SPDT for manufacturing of micro lens let arrays. Also find out the ranges of these process parameters and values of optimal process parameters. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Manufacturing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submitted by: Marmeek Kishor Kumar Kosambia (09010332) Submitted to : Dr. S. N. Joshi Date of Submission: 17/01/13 Introduction A microlens array is composed of a series of micro lens distributed in a regular pattern and has been usedin a wide range of photonic products. A  micro lens  is a small  lens, generally with a  diameter  less than a  millimetre  (mm) and often as small as 10 micrometers ( µm). The small sizes of the lenses means that a simple design can give good optical quality but sometimes unwanted effects arise due to optical  diffraction  at the small features. A typical micro lens may be a single element with one plane surface and one spherical convex surface to  refract  the light. Because micro lenses are so small, the substrate that supports them is usually thicker than the lens and this has to be taken into account in the design. More sophisticated lenses may use  aspherical  surfaces and others may use several layers of optical material to achieve their design performance. Since surface roughness affects the performance of the lens, one needs to generate finely machined surface with minimum roughness Single Point Diamond Turning machining is a technique which removes materials from a few microns to sub-micron level to achieve ductile mode machining on hard-to-machine materials such as electro less nickel plating, silicon, quartz, glass and ceramics with no subsurface defects. Such a machining process is able to achieve mirror surface finish of less than 10 nm and form error of less than 1um easily. If properly applied to a specific range of diamond turnable materials, the process is far superior to grinding and polishing where shape control is more difficult and processing time is longer. The selecting and optimization of machining parameters is one of the main factors that could influence the machining accuracy. The main machining parameters are tool feed rates, spindle speed and depth of cut. The tool feed rate is normally expressed in terms of either distance travelled by the tool per unit time (mm/min) or distance travelled per unit rotation (mm/revolution). It is most common to see the distance per revolution as it is directly related to the anticipated theoretical surface finish. For a given tool feed rate, larger the tool nose radius, lower the roughness and the better the optical surface finish. The surface quality depends to great extents on the material characteristics like: grain size, micro structure or crystal boundary, crystal uniformity and annealing procedures adopted. Casual selection of combination of machining parameters may affect the surface quality, so it is required to optimize the machining parameters before final SPDT process. Machining of aspheric surface is more complicated than spherical and flat surfaces because of complicated tool path and uneven material removal. To achieve required profile tool path should be optimized. Surface roughness with respect to variable Feed rate Feed rate is most important parameter and variation of this havea great impact on the surface finish. Theoretical surface finishdepends on feed rate and tool radius. Depth of cut 2 ? m andRPM 1000 kept constant and tool feed rate is varied from 0. 5? m/rev to 5. 0 ? m/rev. the results of the experiments are asfollows. From the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is going down as we reduce feed. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM was maintained. It is investigated that although look of the surface was good but it is not of optical quality at these parameters. We have varied the depth of cut at feed rate of 0. 5. Surface roughness with respect to variable depth of cut From the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is depending on the depth of cut but its behavior is different. As we increase the doc from 1? m to 2 ? m the roughness decrease from 117 nm to 54 nm and again increase the roughness on of doc. Same is again repeated on 8 ? m doc. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m/rev where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM. But it is investigated that surface is not optical at these parameters, the surface quality was dull after 10 ? m doc and there no use of increasing the doc more than 10 ? m. From the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is depending on the depth of cut but its behavior is different. As we increase the doc from 1? m to 2 ? m the roughness decrease from 117 nm to 54 nm and again increase the roughness on of doc. Same is again repeated on 8 ? m doc. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m/rev where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM. But it is investigated that surface is not optical at these parameters, the surface quality was dull after 10 ? m doc and there no use of increasing the doc more than 10 ? m. Surface roughness with respect to variable RPM From the last experiment we have seen that the depth of cut 2 ? m giving the better surface. During this experiment feed rate 0. 5 ? m/rev and depth of cut remained unchanged and RPM varied from 800 to 4000, to get the further better surface on the work piece. Analysis of turned work piece at different RPM is carried out. Output result is shown in above table. By experiments we have seen that polycarbonate surface turned to the surface finish of below 25 nm, which is achieved at RPM 3000. A good surface finish is achieved at 800 RPM also but it is not economical. At RPM 1500 we have observed the star pattern on surface of PC. So, RPM 3000, Feed 0. 5 ? m/rev and depth of cut 2 ? m are the optimum parameters where optical surface is achieved. An empirical formula is developed for predicting surface roughness of diamond turned polycarbonate at different turning parameters (feed rate, depth of cut and RPM). Empirical formula is derived as follows. Optimum turning parameter are suggested where the optical surface finish in obtained. Tool feed rate : 0. 5 ? m/revolution Depth of cut : 2 ? m RPM : 3000 Tool Path Compensation Another study shows the greatest challenge lies in selecting the optimum combination of the process parameters to get the best surface quality. The parameters chosen for optimization are as: Spindle speed (SS), Feed rate (TFR), Depth of cut (DoC). Another parameter to optimize the machining is the tool path. The tool path compensation cycle starts with the definition of desired aspheric surface by the conic equation: It is observed that by modifying the tool path, profile error ofaspheric surface is significantly reduced. The comparison between aspheric figure error, before and after tool path compensation is given in Table-4. Conclusions: 1) Tool feed is the dominant parameter for surface roughness followed by the spindle rotational speed. Depth of cut shows minimal effect on surface roughness compared to other parameters. 2) Depth of cut is the leading parameter for peak to valley error, followed by spindle rotational speed. Feed rate does not have considerable effect on Pt. 3) Effect of depth of cut on Pt varies with spindle speed. However, for achieving good optical surface on the polycarbonate work piece, lower depth of cut is preferred. 4) Spindle rotational speed of 2000rpm, tool feed rate of1? m/rev and depth of cut of 2? are selected for precisemachining of polycarbonate. 5) The process of the optimization of tool path helps to optimize the machining process further. References: 1. V. SainiD. SharmaS. KallaT. Chouhan, ‘Optimization of Process Parameters to Achieve Nano LevelSurface Quality on Polycarbonate’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Manufacturing Excellence, 2012 2. N. KhatriV. MishraR. G. V. Sarepaka, ‘Optimisation of process parameter in ultra-precisiondiamond turning of polycarbonate material’, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 888) Volume 48– No. 13, June 2012 How to cite Micro Manufacturing, Papers

Indigenous Australians In Australian Prison System - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Australians in Australian Prison System. Answer: Introduction Indigenous Australians are majorly over represented in the prison system of Australia. As per the data of Australian Bureau of Statistics, the rate of women imprisonment has increased in the upwards of 50% during the period of 2005-2015. There is a remarkable difference in the growth rate of women imprisonment as compared to the imprisonment rate of men. In the following segments, a discussion has been carried on the historical context of the women imprisonment. The statistics are also presented to show the overrepresentation of the indigenous women in Australia. Further, an analysis has been done to understand the reasons for the high prison rates. The disadvantages and the feminist theory with regards to the imprisonment of indigenous women have also been highlighted. Lastly, the issues regarding the indigenous and non indigenous women in the prison have been discussed. From the times of slavery during 1619-1865, to Jim Crow in South during 1865- 1965, there has been a presence of division and discrimination on the basis of the color of skin. The indigenous people had to face domination from the pale skinned people, whether in this country or in the U.S.A. (Wacquant, 2001). Since 1991, when the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) was concluded, there has been a huge growth in the population of Indigenous people in the prisons of Australia. A higher rise was seen in the number of Indigenous people in custody. Even though the Indigenous people are uniformly over represented in the prison system of Australia, the rate of imprisonment is visibly higher in the Indigenous women and is still increasing at a speedier pace. Further, not much attention is given to the needs and circumstances of the Aboriginal women (Pour, 2016). The Australian Institute of Criminology presented the statistics regarding offender rates on the basis of gender and jurisdiction for the year 2007-2008. As per these statistics, the number of Indigenous female in New South Wales amounted to 5591 and males amounted to 13964. The same statistics for Non-Indigenous people amounted to 603 for female and 2389 for males. In Southern Australia, the indigenous population for female was 8203 and for men it was 19905 as compared to 504 and 2089 for Non-Indigenous females and males, respectively. In the Northern Territory, these statistic amounted to 4294 and 15995 for indigenous and 385 and 1831 for non indigenous females and males, respectively. This data clearly shows that the percentage of Indigenous women in prison is quite high as compared to non-indigenous women. (Bartels, 2010). A comparison of the prison population statistics from 1991, 2001 and 2013 shows the rise in the rate of imprisonment of women. The number of men in prison in 1991 was 12429, in 2001, it was 20960 (increased by 68.7 %) and in 2013, it was 28426 (increased by 35.6%). The number of women in 1991 was 607, in 2001, it was 1498 (increased by 146.7%) and in 2013, it was 2349 (increased by 56.8%). Specifically focusing on the population of indigenous women and non indigenous women in prison, the statistics reveal the alarming rate of indigenous womens rate of imprisonment as compared to other groups in Australia. The number of indigenous women in prison in 1991 was 104, in 2001, it was 370 (increased by 255.8 %) and in 2013, it was 28426 (increased by 109.5%). The number of non indigenous women in 1991 was 503, in 2001, it was 1128 (increased by 124.3%) and in 2013, it was 1558 (increased by 38.1%). The over representation of the indigenous people has been well documented in the criminal jus tice system. This growth in the rate of imprisonment in Australia has attained the attention of a range of legal scholars and criminologist. Investigations have been started to understand and explain this increase. One of the aspects of such investigations relates to the exploration regarding the specific groups of Australians, i.e. the indigenous people with an emphasis on the indigenous women. The emphasis is the result of the 20% rise in the imprisonment of Indigenous women in a single year (Baldry, and Cunneen, 2014). The speedy increase in the rates of imprisonment revolves around the ideas of culture of control, penal excess and the new punitiveness. The penal culture allows the exploration of the public sensibilities which undermine the penal values of a society. Penality means the study of punishment which is beyond the effects on an offender. This includes the social and cultural significance of punishment. The concept of Penality is broader and more complex as it explains the connections between the legal, political, social and economic policies which influence the whole punishment system. Most of the work of criminologists relates to bringing a change in the penal responses to the indigenous people specially the women. This includes the abuse of substance, racism, psychiatric and intellectual disability, discrimination, among the other things (Baldry, et al, 2011). The indigenous women have to face various disadvantages. The indigenous women are often victimized on the basis of alcohol, drug addictions, sexual and psychological abuse, physical abuse, and family breakdown. The National Drug Strategy Household Survey has stated that the level of smoking is higher in the lower socioeconomic groups and in the areas where such indigenous women live (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). The disadvantages for indigenous groups regarding health, housing, education, income and employment have been stated in Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage 2009 (Schwartz, 2010). The issues mentioned in this are not strictly related to the criminal justice issues, but are relevant to the justice reinvestment approach so as to reduce the number of offenses. There is a feminist theory with regards to the indigenous women in imprisonment. This again relates to the color of the skin. The indigenous women are over-represented in prisons. The socialists perspectives regarding feminism has developed over a period of time and relates to the systemic nature of patriarchy (Warke, 2000). Further a link between colonialism and patriarchy helps in understanding this concept of feminism. The racial understanding was founded in the colonial categorizations of inferiority and difference. Paternalistic along with the brutal colonial attitude towards the Indigenous women in Australia, has resulted in such women being cast at the bottom of the class ladder, with the prospects of obedient servitude towards the pale skinned society. Various evidences have proved that Penality in Australia continues to be shaped by pervasive patriarchal colonialism (Baldry, and Cunneen, 2014). The condition of indigenous and non-indigenous women within prison is troublesome. The major problem is the lack of awareness as a result of scarcity of literature in this regard. Even the final report of RCIADIC failed to address this issue relating to women in detail and there were no recommendations in this regard. The women in prison also lack the safety of the community. There is an immediate need for reformation of the law and justice system in Australia to safeguard the indigenous women from the various disadvantages they face, both in the prison and out of it. Dedicated laws and policies are required to be developed along with the combination of strategic planning to strengthen the legal service provisions. This would ensure the development of indigenous women to drive the necessary changes by resourcing, flexibility and government engagement. Various initiatives have been taken in this regard which includes the Aboriginal Family Violence Prevention and Legal Service Victoria (FVPLS Victoria). FVPLS Victoria provides counseling, legal assistance and prevention to the Indigenous victims of sexual assault and family violence (Burchfield and Braybrook, 2009). Such initiatives can only improve the present apathetic state of the indigenous women in Australia. At times, the indigenous groups are punished differently than the dominant groups. Based on premises that indigenous people have tendencies of drug abuse and family issues along with sexual abuse, an indigenous person is considered as guilty from the beginning. The indigenous women specifically face this problem as discussed above. The indigenous people are often painted as predominantly violent (Anthony, 2013). There is another view with regards to leniency towards the indigenous people. Due to the emphasis on the norms for safeguarding the indigenous people, a view emerged that the culpability of the people was reduced by the courts to rationalize the application of mitigatory principles. The sentencing of the indigenous people was based on the cultural backwardness. And courts held that such indigenous people were mostly under the control of some other person (Anthony, 2013). But such notion was only present in the early days of protectionism. In the present age, such individuals are not under any control. Various reports have established that there is still the presence of a bias on the basis of racism. Due to the past views of such courts, the present day proceedings hurt the indigenous people. And in reality, they are punished differently (Bosworth, 2004). From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the indigenous people in Australia have to face the problem of discrimination and are often punished on the basis of their status. The state of all the women in the prisons is quite alarming, but the indigenous women specifically have to face the penal culture along with the racism bias. More reforms are needed to prevent this discrimination. References Anthony, T. (2013) Indigenous People, Crime and Punishment. Oxon: Routledge, p 26. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2008) National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings, Drug statistics. Canberra: AIHW, Series no. 22. Cat. no. PHE 107., ix. Baldry, E., and Cunneen, C. (2014) Imprisoned Indigenous women and the shadow of colonial patriarchy. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47(2), pp 276-298. Baldry, E., et al. (2011). Imprisoning rationalities. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(1), pp 24-40. Bartels, L. (2010) Indigenous womens offending patterns: A literature review. [Online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/107/rpp107.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16] Bosworth, M. (2004). Theorizing Race And Imprisonment: Towards A New Penality. Critical Criminology, 12(2), pp 221242. Burchfield, S., and Braybrook, A. (2009) Improving Law And Justice Outcomes For Indigenous Women And Children. Indigenous Law bulletin, 7(12). Pour, S. (2016) Over-Representation Of Indigenous Women In Australian Prisons: A Consideration Of The Contributing Factors. [Online] Australian Policy Online. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/107/rpp107.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16] Schwartz, M. (2010) Building Communities, Not Prisons: Justice Reinvestment And Indigenous Over-Imprisonment. Australian Indigenous Law Review, 14(1). Wacquant, L. (2001) Deadly symbiosis. Punishment And Society, 3(1), pp 95-134. Warke, J.M. (2000) Prisoners As Women: Questioning The Role And Place Of Imprisonment. [Online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/womencorrections/millerwa.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16]